tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19578039790184818782024-02-07T20:48:09.714-08:00Jim's BlogFun Science, Fun Facts, Fun OpinionsJim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.comBlogger660125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-77647747015080925442012-11-22T05:00:00.000-08:002012-11-22T05:00:10.259-08:00Believe It Or Not, Placebos And Pain Control<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Placebos and pain control
do not have a clear mechanism. Neuroimaging has shown that the belief in that the
magic pill reduces activity in the various parts of the brain called the “pain
matrix”. What doesn’t appear quite so straightforward is that a couple of other
parts of the brain show increased activity, that is the medial and lateral
prefrontal cortex light up.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">This intrigued Koban <i>et al</i> who postulated that decision were
being made that there were errors in the signals that the brain was processing
(1). They decided on a series of experiments with 18 undergrads from Ghent who
were fed a story that their brain activity was being measured to determine the
effects of a regular painkiller on their ability to work an attention task on
the computer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Some had the placebo and
the control group was told that the pill was a sugar pill and they were the
control. So far, so good, but they were dealing with a so-called painkiller so
pain had to be introduced. This was in the form of a heated pad on their arm.
They had to indicate the intensity of the pain so the “effect” of the
painkiller could be monitored.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Errors in the attention
task showed up as potential changes in the EEG measurements. A negative potential
spike occurred as an error was being made and this was followed by a positive
potential spike a fifth of a second later as the awareness of the error was
being processed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Although there was no
placebo effect on the negative potential, there was an increase in the positive
potential spike with those making an error who had the placebo, suggesting that
the cognitive circuits were working harder at processing the error in incoming
signal compared to the perception of what it should be – they were doing their best at a
cover-up.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">So it seems that placebos
work by both turning down the pain monitoring activity, but in addition increase the error handling to confirm the misrepresentation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">I wonder if our brains
respond in the same manner when we are told that the new austerity measures won’t
really be as painful as we think.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049784">http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049784</a></li>
</ol>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-66422468836789870772012-11-20T05:00:00.000-08:002012-11-21T16:53:23.437-08:00Ducking The Issue –2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjSZI-qQglG4CcAd6KIZFzjf5qpQYo51ZDODyL1rCKGporNIrx0WuoJ_zkA3qok9pdnUiDuujkCIkTJ_xyPKnGWdhLWP1eaapIqiS7YN2X-i0pzUq3YB8KNyC5mKaGvOXGOSpZ4kjUeMg/s1600/Duck+C-T-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjSZI-qQglG4CcAd6KIZFzjf5qpQYo51ZDODyL1rCKGporNIrx0WuoJ_zkA3qok9pdnUiDuujkCIkTJ_xyPKnGWdhLWP1eaapIqiS7YN2X-i0pzUq3YB8KNyC5mKaGvOXGOSpZ4kjUeMg/s640/Duck+C-T-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Too many distractions for lame ducks?</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-78358273442973501162012-11-18T05:00:00.000-08:002012-11-18T05:00:02.862-08:003D Printed Bio-bots <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">3D printed bio-bots are crawling about the Heartland. Not very rapidly it is true, but at </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">¼mm
each second, just fast enough to be creepy. The body of cross-linked hydrogel
may seem harmless enough, but the power supplies were muscle cells from a rat’s
heart. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The work was done in the U of Illinois and the paper by Chan et al
was published in Nature’s Scientific Reports (1, 2). The bodies of the new breed
of bio-bots were printed out from an acrylate-modified polyethylene glycol, which
was cross-linked by UV light. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">These body were printed on top of the “legs” of the bio-bots, which
were also of a cross-linked polyethylene glycol, but with a lower cross-linked
density so that their elasticity would be a good match for that of the heart-muscle
of the lab rats destined for immortality. Finally, a layer of rat heart-muscle
cells was added onto the underside of the legs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">With the beating of the
heart cells with a rhythm around one beat per second, their single legs twitched back and
forth kicking the bio-bots forward. In the future, control of the beating
heart-muscle can be driven by chemical gradients or light as well as simple
electrical impulses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">We can look forward to
bio-bots creeping around with a pacemaker fitted in the base on some mission of
mercy. It’s a pity that we can’t go straight to the heart of the matter and
train rats for the job.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/121115/srep00857/full/srep00857.html">http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/121115/srep00857/full/srep00857.html</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20354026" style="font-family: Georgia;">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20354026</a></li>
</ol>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-78439522352641765602012-11-16T13:05:00.000-08:002012-11-16T13:05:51.879-08:00Tooth Fairy Fees<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAwxRdr2Vdoh4WuXRw40Eg4DRyKZueMKVoYslAe-qERwibbK5Sp12Xj8U6k5mlDgIHT9uFF_LJaspcknceNRi1q7bV38GcNYIed4pLlpXGM-wXV0EBxijOTFwVIVALx0qPOGxiitdDpBw/s1600/Alli+-dentist+C-T-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAwxRdr2Vdoh4WuXRw40Eg4DRyKZueMKVoYslAe-qERwibbK5Sp12Xj8U6k5mlDgIHT9uFF_LJaspcknceNRi1q7bV38GcNYIed4pLlpXGM-wXV0EBxijOTFwVIVALx0qPOGxiitdDpBw/s640/Alli+-dentist+C-T-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Too many teeth?</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-9912850194194788952012-11-13T15:13:00.000-08:002012-11-13T15:13:12.307-08:00Where’s My Cloak? – He’s Looking Right Through Me<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Where’s my cloak is a cry
that we’re getting closer to hearing when someone wants to be invisible and
move silently away unseen. We’re not quite there yet as our eyes work at the
wrong wavelength. I guess we can blame the sun for that. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">If its peak output that we
felt down here was in the microwave region, then we might all be speaking like
Cleopatra in Shakespeare’s rendition – “hand me my robe…” and we would
disappear. The possibility is come close now as Landy and Smith from Duke U
have built a microwave cloak for a copper cylinder which is about 3 inches in
diameter and half an inch high (1, 2). It vanishes completely.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The object is considerably
larger that the wavelength of the radiation and the back scattering from it
would make it easily detected – imaged by the right optics. Up until now,
cloaking devices have hidden the object, but scattering still occurs and the
cloaked region isn’t apparently transparent but foggy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">With Landy and Smith’s new
clothes for the cylinder, the radiation is guided by corrugations around the
object, but the key here is that the cloak is lozenge or diamond shape and the
corners are the big thing. The corners are carefully designed so
that all the radiation is funneled past to illuminate objects behind the
cylinder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">With no loss going and with
none of the backscattered radiation lost, there I no difference between having
the cloaked object there or with it and its cloak having scurried off
somewhere.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Currently, it only works when
the lozenge is aligned with the radiation beam so it’s not ready for radar avoidance
by stealth aircraft just yet and until we can get our fabrication techniques
down a few orders of magnitude, our good friend Harry Potter won’t be able to
use it with visible light.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20265623">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20265623</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nmat3476.html" style="font-family: Georgia;">http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nmat3476.html</a></li>
</ol>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-76187059281008163902012-11-11T10:52:00.000-08:002012-11-11T10:52:48.800-08:00Back To The Future?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAGmjGnAfF11dSWHMQ74z2X06AkyGb9QQRoRsqFx9_riePjxH613mN-84elEpvowR1moLdAs40gWLOwm_fRKAhyphenhyphenAvvSASHPuWJti68lN99j4zbAgzjf3YfVQqyGnHf77qu1tDjASDLst8/s1600/back+to+the+future+a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAGmjGnAfF11dSWHMQ74z2X06AkyGb9QQRoRsqFx9_riePjxH613mN-84elEpvowR1moLdAs40gWLOwm_fRKAhyphenhyphenAvvSASHPuWJti68lN99j4zbAgzjf3YfVQqyGnHf77qu1tDjASDLst8/s640/back+to+the+future+a.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-27271694236189166362012-11-10T13:56:00.000-08:002012-11-10T13:56:30.272-08:00 Embryonic Learning <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Embryonic learning can be
important (apparently) for species that are on their own once they hatch from
the egg. Hatchlings of many species get help with protection, feeding and other
life lessons from one or both parents, but this is not always the case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Newly hatched turtles have
to make a dash for the sea and learn on the fly. Cuttlefish hatchlings are
already in the sea, but they too are on their own. Romagny <i>et al</i> decided to document the perception and learning of cuttlefish
embryos in the latter stages of development (1,2). They have lots of stages,
but stages 23, 25 and 30 were chosen for them to sit their tests.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Once they get big enough to
flex their mantles, they are showing their ability to respond. They had to be
taken out of their protected egg cases for their test program. They were exposed
to the fishy smell of sea bass. That startled them and they flexed in
consternation as sea bass like to lunch on young, succulent cuttlefish. They
also weren’t very keen on being poked and prodded with a needle, blunt, of
course, but nevertheless they flexed away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Later on, they were exposed
to light when their visuals were operational, and that too startled them into
flexing. At stage 30, light was becoming a little boring and they would only
bother flexing for a short while before quitting. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The team wondered if they
were just getting tired from overwork so they decided on the willing horse
solution – they spurred them on with a prod from their needle. That got them
working again. They weren’t tired. They had learned that they didn’t need to
respond to the light as nothing else happened. The spur, though, reminded them
that they were supposed to be performing for the team of researchers and they went
back to work with a will.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">So it seems that it never
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<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://jeb.biologists.org/content/215/23/4125.abstract">http://jeb.biologists.org/content/215/23/4125.abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="http://jeb.biologists.org/content/215/23/i.2.full">http://jeb.biologists.org/content/215/23/i.2.full</a></li>
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<o:p></o:p><br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-77254743418702877222012-11-07T19:01:00.000-08:002012-11-07T19:01:16.690-08:00Post-Election Blues<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8VeTRiEZEmpu1OP4sQ5cewPB8k_mzJ-ZzVAgy1iy7cjnJZAKTzQB4TbzUBYGSIQgMKFkGzSRpV_sfgU0tak6AsBJ3zgVJ_4j06w8BnwhFSUvXgmAeCk64Btv-maz0gvYGEPQYWlTrKbI/s1600/Alli-Election+C-T.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8VeTRiEZEmpu1OP4sQ5cewPB8k_mzJ-ZzVAgy1iy7cjnJZAKTzQB4TbzUBYGSIQgMKFkGzSRpV_sfgU0tak6AsBJ3zgVJ_4j06w8BnwhFSUvXgmAeCk64Btv-maz0gvYGEPQYWlTrKbI/s640/Alli-Election+C-T.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-89478083808777456172012-11-06T05:00:00.000-08:002012-11-07T19:02:20.788-08:00Anti-Phase Game Strategy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">An anti-phase game strategy
is often required to win in two-person sports. When we first learn any
two-person sport we are usually uncoordinated at first. In a ‘sport’ like
ballroom dancing we very quickly learn to get our movements in anti-phase with the
other person. It matters not which role who is playing predator (moving forward)
or prey (moving backwards). Alternating that phase relationship may result in
severe digital consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Experts will intuitively
move to be coordinate phase, not just in ballroom dancing, but also in games such as
tennis when long rallies develop. Not counting shot misplacements, such rallies
are usually won by the player who moves to change the phase condition by moving in
a different direction to place the ball in a position unexpected by the
opposing player.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Kijima <i>et al</i> set out to study the way the dynamics and phase relationships
develop in a two-person game and they present their information in yesterday’s
PLoS ONE (1). They chose their university soccer team to learn a new game. (The
goalie was left behind to tend his net.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The game they had to play
was called Play-Tag. It is played in a 5m square ring. (Why a square is called
a ring is a subject for another day.) Each player has a chunk of nylon fabric Velcroed
to each hip. The players have to rip off one of the tags of their opponent to
win. The game can be played to
exhaustion. The experimental program consisted of 10 trials for each pair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">At first the players were
uncoordinated as they played predator and prey and tried to work out the best
strategy – should they minimize the risk of losing a tag or maximize their
chance of gaining a tag?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">These were all smart, able
sportsmen who are used to anticipating teammates and opponents movements, but
it took most of the trials before a general strategy evolved. The movement of
the pairs ended up in an anti-phase coordination as the strategy to minimize
their risk of loss took precedence. The result was that the anti-phase game
strategy moved towards deadlock and long games.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Predator-prey alternation occurred
with the players choosing a strategy in with neither have anything to gain by
only changing his own strategy if he does the risk is too great, hence the
deadlock until a mistake through something like fatigue occurs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">These sorts of insights
into game theories have applications to all sorts of other activities such as
business negotiations. Even election politics when deadlock comes to the
surface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0047911</li>
</ol>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-12577157487862623942012-11-04T05:00:00.000-08:002012-11-04T05:00:04.576-08:00Getting Older<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Getting older is an
experience which is mixed for most of us. Experience grows as faculties slip
away. Of course, most of us will agree that things don’t taste like they used
to. Vegetables and fruit from the supermarkets have been extensively bred and,
in some cases, genetically modified to be better shelf products at the cost of
flavor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">We can tell our
grandchildren about how things tasted when we were their age and they listen
politely, look at each other and roll their eyes. But Campa <i>et al</i> have been putting this to the test
in that they have published their study of how our judgment of bitterness
changes with age (1). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">They started from the
knowledge that 25% of the variation in human lifespan is at the mercy of our genetic
make up. Taste sensations are favorite metrics among psychologists and ‘bitter’
is one of the five classifications used. Geneticists like to find alleles that
correspond to almost anything that we do, suffer from or enjoy, and they have
‘bitterness’ nicely tagged.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Current wisdom is that
taste and hence the genes sequences that play their part in taste functioning
also play a part in things like appetite, but more importantly in our endocrine
systems secretions so that the function of our livers, pancreases etc. are
influenced by these sequences in our DNA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">As all of this goes
together we see that changes in our tastes may parallel our body aging in a
more important manner than just our complaints about flavors not being what
they used to be. This is what the study of Campa <i>et al</i> went into (1). They chose a group of 941 individuals ranging
from 20–106 years old and checked out their genetic make up. They showed that
the frequency of part of the gene associated with bitter taste sensation
increased with age from 35% to 55% as the age range went from middle age to centenarians.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">So it seems that getting
older is a bitter pill to take.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Georgia; text-align: justify;"> </span><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045232">http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045232</a></li>
</ol>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-38985897222468865712012-11-03T05:00:00.000-07:002012-11-03T05:00:09.003-07:00Talking Elephant<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Talking elephant is
something that we usually leave to other elephants. They make a series of low
rumbles whilst in a group. Their full range of vocal statements is quite broad,
ranging from contented rumbles through squeals to trumpets. Clearly other
elephants know what all this means, but we are left guessing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Some humans are good
linguists while many of us are what are best described as failures and resort
to the goodwill of those speaking other languages to learn ours. I thought that
this was a trait of many English speakers, but is apparently more widely spread.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"> In the Everland Zoo in South Korea, Koshik, an
Asian Elephant, is on his own own and can rumble or chirp with no response from
his keepers who are his only friends. At twenty years old he has been feeling
the need for the occasional chat and so has had to compromise and learn a few
words of Korean.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">In addition to learning the
Korean words for Hello, No and Good, he can also tell his keepers to Sit
Down or Lie Down. Stoeger <i>et al</i> have
studied Koshik’s linguistic abilities by listening, of course, but also by recording
the spectral pattern of what he says (1). They show a good match between
Koshik’s utterances and a human saying the same thing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The sound frequency lies
clearly between the low frequency rumbles and the high frequency chirp. It
isn’t the usual frequency for talking elephant; so it seem that we have a
talking elephant who not only talks elephant, but who has learnt a few words of
Korean.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">It turns out that this is
quite a feat for a talking elephant; as they don’t use that frequency range
beloved of humans, so how does he do it? He sticks his trunk into his mouth to
modify the sound coming from his vocal chords. Clearly this will limit his conversation,
as it is difficult to carry out a long conversation with your mouth full of
trunk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">It is probably as much of
cry for help as anything else, though, as twenty or so years on your own with
no one to talk to must be hard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048312">Stoeger
et al., Current Biol., (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.022</a></li>
</ol>
<br />
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-48675709980730528952012-11-01T01:00:00.000-07:002012-11-01T01:00:11.858-07:00Dietary Decisions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-1843345006965245042012-10-30T01:00:00.000-07:002012-10-30T01:00:07.219-07:00Halloween Costumes – Decisions, Decisions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-30802547567210388822012-10-28T05:00:00.000-07:002012-10-28T05:00:10.222-07:00Walking Your Moai<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7mVyKNp0chHLV4RvbL2_nUElMfyOIy0iVenzTazGWEIJTS2pBs_gWengdRByCZS9_ix0pPRT0YIj3Ia3KbBDTtyx4_YnOrqdRInTs7yNf1t1F1CCFLWw3KRh3NdIi2ZGq0zjhcOGgLjg/s1600/Ahu_Tahai.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7mVyKNp0chHLV4RvbL2_nUElMfyOIy0iVenzTazGWEIJTS2pBs_gWengdRByCZS9_ix0pPRT0YIj3Ia3KbBDTtyx4_YnOrqdRInTs7yNf1t1F1CCFLWw3KRh3NdIi2ZGq0zjhcOGgLjg/s320/Ahu_Tahai.jpeg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo Bjarte Sorensen, Creative Commons</td></tr>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Walking your moai is not a
task to be undertaken lightly. Weighing in at a 10,000 pounds and up, you will
need to have a team to help. The good news is that they won’t dash off chasing
rabbits like your dog. In the first place there are no rabbits on Easter Island
and the moai are just standing around staring into the distance and don’t seem
very interested in the world around them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Easter Island has been
famous for it’s moai (huge stone statues) for a couple of centuries, but the
how and why has been topics of controversy. The sculptors quarried and carved
then from one location and roads were built to take them to their allotted
places. Some fell by the wayside, but about 900 made it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The ongoing controversy is
how they got from A to B. A being the quarry and B being their home turf. A
popular view was that they were rolled the road along in a recumbent posture on
logs and propped upright when they arrived. The problem is that the heaviest
are ~ 160,000 pounds and there aren’t that many trees around, though there may
have been once. But the big problem is the weight and how to lift that.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The more recently espoused
idea is that they walked from their quarry where they were carved upright.
Perhaps shuffled is the best description, aided by groups of well wishers
holding onto ropes to pull and cajole them along.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">A 10,000 pound concrete
replica was built by Lipo <i>et al</i> and
walked along a track using three strategically placed teams on ropes (1, 2). They made a good walking rate of 0.06 miles per hour. They conclude that that is the
favorite methodology for their location and the design of the base lends itself
to the shuffling motion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">However not everyone agrees
that the demonstration proves the point, so the controversy rumbles on. But
there is something attractive about imagining all those huge stone statues
shuffling along from their quarry to to settle down to nice viewpoints along the road.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440312004311">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440312004311</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/oct/25/easter-island-statues-walked-into-position">http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/oct/25/easter-island-statues-walked-into-position</a></li>
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<o:p></o:p><br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-27833689995549096662012-10-27T05:00:00.000-07:002012-10-27T05:00:05.592-07:00Familiar Face – Don’t I know You?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">A familiar face in the
crowd is something we look for and instantly makes us feel more relaxed and at
home (– unless it is someone we don’t want to meet because, well perhaps we
shouldn’t ask.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">So if we see someone who
looks like us, then we feel good about that as we see someone familiar who is
probably related as our doppelgangers are few and far between. Kinship is a
good thing and we can obviously trust our kin
to do the right thing by us.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">That was the starting point
of Giang <i>et al</i> who published their
study in last weeks Public Library of Science (1). They took 58 men and women
in their early 20’s as their subjects to play with themselves (unwittingly of
course). They game was on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Specifically it was a
social cooperation game in which you and the other player invested money, only
small sums, so the players didn’t have to be one percenters. If the partner
invested the same amount, you did well, but if they cheated and only said they
would and didn’t, you lost money.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">In past published
experiments, players tended to invest more money when the image of the other
player looked like a likeable person. Now what’s not to liked about a possible
family member? Well, we’ll see.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The experiment started with
photographs of the participants and then these were morphed a little to look
like someone different, but not totally. Hence you would be playing with
yourself, but not quite yourself, more a familiar face.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">When all the results came
in, shock horror but not the expected outcome. What happened was that the
players didn’t trust themselves (well familiar face person) any more that
someone different. Of, course not everybody would look “likeable” after
morphing, but not trusting people that could look like a possible sibling? Well
who’d have thought it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Sibling rivalry seems to be
alive and well amongst the students of Heinrich Heine U in D</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">ü</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">sseldorf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0047809">http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0047809</a></li>
</ol>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-82484760491273267232012-10-25T05:00:00.000-07:002012-10-25T05:00:09.829-07:00Schools Of Dolphins<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Schools of dolphins in
Australia’s Shark Bay are well studied. The Shark Bay Dolphin project started
back in 1982 when some scientists stepped out on Monkey Mia beach and found the
bottlenose dolphins were friendly. In fact they would come in to the shallows
to greet the waders and be hand fed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Now the schools of dolphins
are some of the best studied, but they also have some unusual habits. The
bottlenose dolphins go foraging, as regulations on feeding make sure that they
don’t become spongers on the generosity of tourists in fishing boats.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Foraging, though, has its
hazards. They have to stick their noses into things that other fish wish they
wouldn’t and that can have painful consequences – certainly for the fish. The
Shark Bay schools of dolphins have an answer to that problem. They stick a
sponge on their nose for protection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">It seems that they have
been sponging their noses for some time and Kopps and Sherwin have been
puzzling over how that is taught (1, 2). Is this something that genetics passes
along, or was it something that one clever girl shows the others? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">As nobody speaks dolphin,
the next best thing is to simulate how long it would take to produce the
behavior patterns observed in the bay. Computers being wonderful tools, they
cranked out results in short order, but they did not correspond with the actual
observations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">It seems that social
learning is the answer. So we can think of this as schools of dolphins have
home schooling to learn the best sponging techniques. (To catch their own fish,
of course.) Sponging from the tourist voyeurs is a no-no. In any case, sponging
by Shark Bay schools of dolphins has been going on long before the tourists –
about 150 years more or less.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/19909635">http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/19909635</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347212003806">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347212003806</a></li>
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Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-19179981920399689882012-10-23T05:00:00.000-07:002012-10-23T05:00:00.854-07:00Cloaking Devices<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Cloaking devices are a big
thing in Sci-Fi stories. They are the dream of some physicists working hard to
bend light round objects. So far some success with small objects has been won,
but we’re still a long way from something as big as the Starship Enterprise. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Nature doesn’t hang around
waiting. The evolutionary pressure of predation is a great spur and small fish
have had a lot of predatory pressure to evolve for quite a while. Jordan,
Partridge and Roberts from Bristol U have been taking a look at fish like
sardines and herrings, or at least trying to when the light is right (1, 2). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">They have shown that the
silvery skin, which gives that shimmery appearance as they move in and out of
sight, has layers of crystals in them. Each layer has the crystal axis
perpendicularly oriented to the next layer. The crystals are guanine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The article in Discovery
News focuses our attention on guano as though it was something that we higher
beings might find just a tad distasteful (1). But we should remember that we
are laced through and through with guanine as it is one of the four components
of our DNA. Without guanine we would just be part of an very old primordial
soup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">So having established that
guanine is good for us, we can continue eating sardines and herrings without
thinking about bird droppings. The way their skin works to confuse is by not
confusing. When light is reflected from a mirrored surface, the fraction of the
light that is reflected is the fraction that is polarized horizontally – that
is parallel to the surface. The vertical components do their best to penetrate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Our multilayered little
piscatorial wonders have alternate layer which tackle the horizontal and
vertical components because of their crystal orientation. Hence, wonder of
wonders, they don’t reflect and if they don’t reflect, the predators don’t see
them. So they, in their way, are like little stealth aircraft which don’t
reflect radar waves back to the detectors, and “fly” about in the sea while being difficult to make out clearly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<ol>
<li><a href="http://news.discovery.com/animals/fish-break-law-of-physics-become-invisible-121021.html">http://news.discovery.com/animals/fish-break-law-of-physics-become-invisible-121021.html</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nphoton.2012.260.html" style="font-family: Georgia;">http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nphoton.2012.260.html</a></li>
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<o:p></o:p><br />
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<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-833729644905218612012-10-21T05:00:00.000-07:002012-10-21T05:00:09.268-07:00Driving Tired Is Bad News<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Driving tired is bad news.
The risk of driving tired is as high as driving under the influence of alcohol,
or so we’re told. Of course, it is all a matter of degree, how tired and how
much alcohol, but nevertheless it’s an increased risk of not being able to
anticipate that clown doing something in front of you – never your fault
remember, your insurance company insist on that. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Now freeways/motorways are
where these days we frequently spend time on long journeys. Not very exciting
driving and the speeds are high – let’s say 10 M.P.H. above the speed limit if
we are conservative. But hours heading
home on that long unending ribbon of asphalt can cause the eyelids to become
inordinately heavy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The cure is that we take is a
break and maybe a coffee, but is this optimal? Well, Taillard <i>et al</i> have asked
this question and reported out in PLoS ONE last week (1). The team based in
Bordeaux and Sweden would have had plenty of opportunities of putting their
findings to the test if they have been commuting to each other’s institutions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">They focused their
attention on 40 males in the age range 20 – 50-years old. Women may come later,
we’ll see. The task was to head out at 1 A.M. and drive 250 miles to finish at
a little after 5 A.M. Note no participants were lost during the experiments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The rigorous experimental
driving program had three conditions. The first was a 15-minute break with a
coffee flavored drink (minimal caffeine) and the second was a proper cup of
coffee with a carefully measured caffeine dose. The third and most innovative
condition had a portable “imitation sunlight” unit mounted on the dashboard
that emitted a blue light at ~470 nm. This is the type of light is sold to cheer
us up during those dark winter days or just during a long period of dark cloudy
weather to keep us from S.A.D.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The blue light was almost
as effective as the coffee in preventing the tired drivers from wandering over
the lane markings of the road in an unpredictable fashion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Nobody would want a portable
light unit on the dash which could fly around when we have to take evasive
action when some pesky pedestrian, other driver, or in extremis, a police car interrupts
our progress. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The answer is clearly that
car manufacturers should fit our instrument panels with a blue light
illumination. Don’t let us neglect coffee though. Once the caffeine starts to
wear off, the steady increase in bladder pressure is sure to keep us awake and
encourage us to take another break and help us when we’re driving tired.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0046750" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0046750</a></li>
</ol>
<br />
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-77417281895217588632012-10-20T05:00:00.000-07:002012-10-20T05:00:07.573-07:00Butterflies Are One Of Life’s Pleasures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Butterflies are one of
life’s pleasures. They are beautiful, varied and ephemeral. The way they come
from some less than cuddly caterpillar creature is nothing short of amazing.
Rearranging all those body parts whilst they are pupating is a feat of juggling
with your eyes shut that leaves me in awe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"> Now some butterflies live short lives, some
hibernate over the winter when there is no nectar to sup, but some are
adventurers. The monarch flying from the upper parts of the United States down
to the Amazon to enjoy the tropical beneficence and keep out of the snows, is
well documented. It is sad that habitat loss from one end to the other of its
route is putting it under stress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Europe also has its migrants,
and the Painted Lady,<i> Vanessa cardui</i>,
is one that winters in Africa. The very large group of Stefanescu <i>et al</i> have published their study of this
gem in the current journal of Ecography (1). This was no small effort. It
included radar monitoring as well as ground based studies and brought in
citizen crowd sourcing science work to follow the migratory progress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvg0ZFsGd1qdYfmMbP7_JFKs5Gvr8xa-VARTdZjm3UV_kR0rHC4wgAmZdqOTb0zqjxPggi2cO8daGU76HP6rOedoepKIXtF91odnpIj93W1CxubGCM3tUkKTRcu9qjzEsLyBvg4w8qgQA/s1600/Butterfly_August_2008-4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvg0ZFsGd1qdYfmMbP7_JFKs5Gvr8xa-VARTdZjm3UV_kR0rHC4wgAmZdqOTb0zqjxPggi2cO8daGU76HP6rOedoepKIXtF91odnpIj93W1CxubGCM3tUkKTRcu9qjzEsLyBvg4w8qgQA/s400/Butterfly_August_2008-4.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Painted Lady Alvesgaspar, Creative Commons</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The Grand Migration, (and
it is fair to call it such,) takes six generations to complete the cycle. It
broods continuously as it goes and the numbers can be huge – many millions on
the wing. The populations steadily advance Northwards during the spring until,
finally as Autumn approaches, they have to head South to the equator, thousands
of kilometer away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; text-indent: 0.5in;">Those little fragile wings
catch the wind and the butterflies take advantage and fly high to get the
fastest drift. They can be found flying their hearts out over a kilometer up in
the sky, should one take the time to look. The trip from the heart of Africa to
the fringes of the Arctic Circle and back means that they clock up ~14,000 km at
speeds up to 50 km/h.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The number of immigrant Painted
Ladies to the UK in 2009 was ~11M and they prospered so that ~26M emigrated in
the Autumn that year (2). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07738.x/abstract" style="font-family: Georgia;">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07738.x/abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/19991550" style="font-family: Georgia;">http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/19991550</a></li>
</ol>
<br />
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-67468349771067871582012-10-19T05:00:00.000-07:002012-10-19T05:00:04.498-07:00Young Blood – Put Your Order Into The Blood Bank For Your Memory’s Sake<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Young blood may be to way
to go for bright outlook on life. Of course, we aren’t full up of that young
vital fluid pulsing through our veins after we see our 30-th birthday come and
go. Looking out, things may look the same, but looking in, well let’s not pull
any punches, we look progressively challenged in<i> jeunesse doreé</i> stakes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">After accidents in which we
leak, or if we want to get a boost in a cycle race, blood transfusions are a good
thing. The Guardian has a news item on the work reported by Villeda <i>et al</i> at the at the New Orleans meet of
the Society of Neuroscience (1). They gave old mice transfusions of blood from
young mice and that young blood perked the old fellas up no end.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Apparently, the scuttlebutt
is that Kim Jong-Il was into young blood transfusions to aid his youthful
outlook. The young blood he chose, was said to be from healthy young virgins
(female I assume), but we don’t have confirmed data on this. So back to mice and
science.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The old mice got their
shots of young blood and their memories improved and the ageing process had
slowed. There were 20% more neuron connections and that’s important for a
mouse if you’re looking for your cheese. It’s even more important if it’s you
or me and we’re looking for our car keys.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">In addition to improved
connectivity, they found an increase in stem cells and that’s really important
for keeping your brain plump and healthy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The question on all your
lips is of course was it the young cells in the blood or proteins in the
plasma. Well, after plasma injections our old-fella mice were repeatedly tossed
into a swimming pool with islands and they learned to find the islands and
remembered where they were a lot better than un-transfused fellows.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Clearly, there is something
in the plasma that makes them more difficult to drown. Definitely we old fogies
need to sign up with groups of teens to get transfusions of their plasma just
in case we fall into a swimming pool with islands. BUT it may also help us to
remember where on earth we put those car keys.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/oct/17/young-blood-reverse-effects-ageing" style="font-family: Georgia;">http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/oct/17/young-blood-reverse-effects-ageing</a></li>
</ol>
<br />
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-60833654621447698582012-10-16T05:00:00.000-07:002012-10-16T06:54:32.159-07:00Good Mates = True Love? Or Just Strong Mates, Big Mates and Noisy Mates<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdKpc1TE3Y_uECq9P1PIX0HUnGMekaDdxZWz_NJBxiBO9XxW19QXX0YPbIdfV9vc7RD5a0h1Kq6dZmq-AoLVaI4vA7dW6YiWE0pFIIb_95XEP-529GQWiRB63khzXkV6TCvxlsjEDJshM/s1600/Hyla_arborea%252C_juv_2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdKpc1TE3Y_uECq9P1PIX0HUnGMekaDdxZWz_NJBxiBO9XxW19QXX0YPbIdfV9vc7RD5a0h1Kq6dZmq-AoLVaI4vA7dW6YiWE0pFIIb_95XEP-529GQWiRB63khzXkV6TCvxlsjEDJshM/s320/Hyla_arborea%252C_juv_2.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-indent: 48px;">European Tree Frog Creative Commons – Christian Fischer</span></td></tr>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Good mates are often judged
as being “good” because they are more attractive because of strength as judged
by size or the noise that they produce. This has nothing to do with logical
choice or that advice that they were given at the proverbial maternal knee, but
is simply hormone driven.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia; text-indent: 0.5in;">The problem is not all
mates are what they may seem. In the animal world, the prospective mate isn’t
brought home to be introduced to disapproving parents. It’s all out there to
play for. So are many of the females out there fooled by male subterfuge?</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">This question of ‘true’
love was asked by Brepson <i>et al</i> from
the U of Lyon and is in the online edition of Animal Behaviour (1). The team
decided to put the question to the diminutive European Treefrog. At one and a
half inches long it doesn’t take up much space in the lab, but it can make
quiet a decent croak when it is in the mood for love.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Male frogs, the European
Treefrog included, announce their availability to the female population by
spending the night hours croaking. Large males with a booming croak are the
focus of adoration by the females who eschew the weaker, shaky croaks of the
little fellas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The team of course asked
“does size matter?” to a female frog. Deeper louder voices of course, but is
that the only criterion for a good mate? What about being well fed and ready to
go?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">A corner of the lab was
turned into a frog only mating arena, but the nasty trick was to install a
loudspeaker which could play macho male croaks. So what’s a little frog to do?
Frog or not, what do you expect of a Latin lover? They will cheat of course if
they have to. The spirit of Casanova is not dead. They will sidle up to be
close to the big boy, but strike faster and stealthier as soon as the
opportunity arises so the love–lorn female is unaware that the big booming
voice wasn’t their young lover’s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The finer points of gastronomy
being of great importance in that area of the world, the question popped up as
to how did being well fed affect cheating behavior, less or more? So the next
batch of frogs had their stomachs extensively pumped and half of the batch were
then stuffed full of cordon blue bottles and crickets. It had no effect on the
tendency to cheat to get laid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Clearly the way to a frog's
heart is not through its stomach.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></li>
<li><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347212004010" style="text-align: left;">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347212004010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/19886131" style="text-align: left;">http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/19886131</a></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-81744986338719019262012-10-14T05:00:00.000-07:002012-10-14T05:00:09.780-07:00Anticipating Your Robot For The Best Human Robot Interaction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The Human Robot Interaction
is a major challenge, but an important one, as we get more robots interacting
with us in our homes and they are built with humanoid features. You see, we prefer to
share our homes with things that we perceive as biological rather than
unfeeling machines if we are going to have more complex helpful relationships
than we do with our toaster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">We do have to be careful
that we don’t make them too human-like, but don’t quite make it. Then we could
end up with a creepy, zombie-like butler that would fit right in the dip in the
Uncanny Valley Theory (1). Cuteness has its merits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">When we interact with
another person, we anticipate and tend to copy their action as our mirror neurons
fire away. That yawning spread like wildfire in that boring class we have all
sat through, didn’t it? This interaction is also known as <i>motor resonance</i> (2). We have two things going on. We have a
proactive gaze and then automatic imitation. Thus we anticipate and accommodate
the motion. The result is that we feel comfortable as long as the action isn’t
threatening. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Our robot butler/caregiver
shouldn’t be threatening, so we have to avoid the uncanny valley with no
zombies making unexpected moves. The key is to get that motor resonance
functioning well when we design our humanoid helpers, but the challenge is then
to find experimentally what works best with us humans in an everyday
environment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">A review of methods for
measuring motor resonance with the human robot interaction has been published by Scuitti <i>et al</i> and they show
that the behavioral methodologies such as studying predictive gaze and automatic
imitation measurements fit the bill much better than PET, fMRI or EEG scans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">If we can get the right
human robot interaction, the advent of rent-a-robot stores may not be far away.
It could work out better and more economical than have to pay for a place in a
care home.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley</a></li>
<li>A.Sciutti, A.Bisio, F.Nori, G.Metta,L.Fadiga, T.Pozzo and
G.Sandini, <i>Int. J. Soc. Robot.,</i> 223, <b>4</b>, (2012)., <a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/g82v75n437259607/fulltext.pdf">http://www.springerlink.com/content/g82v75n437259607/fulltext.pdf</a></li>
</ol>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-29146519249057408272012-10-13T05:00:00.000-07:002012-10-13T05:00:02.408-07:00Climate Change Games<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Climate change games are
being played for very high stakes. With Arctic ice shrinking, sea levels
rising, weather patterns changing leading to greater storm activity in some
places and prolonged droughts in others, the threshold for serious change
appears close.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The price to cut back on
pollution is high and our politicians are representing our interests if I may
put that politely. Clearly with my thin wallet, my interests aren’t as exciting
as some with much thicker wallets, but when push comes to shove, we would all
like our wallets to grow plumper rather than slimmer. Slimming is for our belly
in the gym so we can fit into our fat cat suits more easily.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Nevertheless we recognize
that the issue is important and many of us thought that in 1997 when the Kyoto
Protocol was announced that we had had serious negotiations leading to a
serious action plan. But the game goes on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"> In the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Science, Barrett and Dannenberg have had a look at the business of climate
negotiations from a Games Theory perspective and an uncomfortable perspective
it is (1). It is a serious multiplayer game in which a dangerous change
threshold could be reached if the players don’t cooperate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Games theory is a fun
activity of many psychologists who set up lab experiments around cooperative
games. The ‘Prisoner’s Dilemma’ game is a classic (2). Recall that cooperation means a light
sentence (cost) for both players while betrayal means that the betrayer goes
free (rewarded) and the betrayed gets a heavy sentence (pays a big cost).
Mathematical analysis shows that on repeat plays with a group, the player who
betrays does best. (Psychologist don’t send anyone to jail, they pay out cash
in various amounts.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">When there is a big gain by
cooperating (see the stag hunting game of Rousseau or just the Battle of the
Sexes Game (2)) that is the stable equilibrium setting. That is, the best thing
is cooperation and everybody wins. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"> Climate change should fit that cooperation
scenario as there is a big gain and a serious loss at that dangerous threshold.
The problem comes into these climate change games as the threshold for disaster
become less well defined. Barrett and Dannenberg crunched numbers and found
that when the dangerous threshold of the games was uncertain, the game switched
from a cooperative win type of game to a Prisoner’s Dilemma result where
betrayal (self-interest) is the winning strategy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">A disappointing result, but
a rationalization for why so many politicians say one thing and do another over
this issue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/10/09/1208417109.abstract">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/10/09/1208417109.abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.econ.uzh.ch/faculty/jgoeree/publications/CG.pdf" style="font-family: Georgia;">http://www.econ.uzh.ch/faculty/jgoeree/publications/CG.pdf</a></li>
</ol>
<br />
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-5756951626093445772012-10-10T05:00:00.000-07:002012-10-10T05:00:19.782-07:00Nice Or Nasty – I Bark As I Find<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Being nice or nasty to a
strange dog is going to fix its opinion of you in short order. But that is
direct experience. Now the big question is do our doggy friends decide on your
reputation by watching your behavior to others?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">We take a lot of effort to
establish and maintain our reputations. Apparently chimpanzees can make
judgments on people’s reputations depending on if they are willing to give a
grape to a fellow (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Chimpanzees, though, are
not close companions for most of us, so we won’t normally be worried about what
the chimp down the road thinks of us. Dogs, on the other hand, abound and are
treated as least as well as many of our children are treated. So when you
venture out of your front door and all those attentive ears pick up the sound
of your key in the lock and those noses start misting up the windows as pairs
of eyes follow you down the driveway and along the sidewalk, noting that you
ignore that hydrant which is the neighborhood message board, do they think nice
or nasty?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">This is clearly too good a
question for any dyed-in-the-wool psychologist to leave on their lab
bench. Nitzschner <i>et al</i> of Leipzig’s Max Planck have risen to the challenge with
interrogating 32 mature dogs after their lab experiments (1). The experimenters
were matched women in terms of clothing, hairstyle and glasses so the dogs
wouldn't be distracted by different physical attributes. Perfume wasn’t mentioned,
so sniff tests were discounted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The experimenters sat on
the floor and each dog was shoved into the lab. In one case (nice) the experimenter made a fuss of the
dog. With the other case, the nasty, the experimenter ignored the dog. Of
course the dogs liked being interacted with and spent a lot of time
communicating with the experimenter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The second experiment was
the key one. The dog under study watched the experimenter with another dog,
either fussing and cuddling it or ignoring it. Afterward they were allowed to
interact with the experimenter directly. The result was that they spent as much
time trying to discuss their affairs of the day with Ms. Nasty as with Ms. Nice;
reputation was of no importance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">It seems that dogs decide about people
by direct contact and don’t come to a relationship with a lot of prejudged
baggage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</div>
<ol>
<li>http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0046880</li>
</ol>
<br />
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1957803979018481878.post-64430096296469304652012-10-07T05:00:00.000-07:002012-10-07T05:00:07.105-07:003–D Printers Are Mainstream<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">3–D printers are now
mainstream after they have been around for two or three decades. The big ones
at about $20k are out of reach for most of us, but people like J. Leno, car
collector and comedian or perhaps I should say comedian and car collector, who
is printing out car parts that aren’t manufactured any more (1, 2) can afford
to have one tucked away. Or Disney, who are printing toys with light guides and
led lights embedded which can respond to stimuli from outside (3), are becoming
innovators.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Smaller ones that cost $2k
or less are available for the dedicated technophilic geek (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) who
may want an absorbing hobby or may be trying to start a business. For example,
the entrepreneurs who came up with the idea of printing guns (8) but got shut
down, as it seems to require a license to do that. Would that also be true of
replica guns or some wild new design reminiscent of a Sci-Fi weapon?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Reprap (4) had a great idea
in that their first printer was designed in such a way that it could print out
parts to make another one. The prototype couldn’t do it all, but they are
getting to that stage and they hope to be able to include their printed
circuits in the print run. So we are seeing machines that can clone themselves <i>ad lib</i> and the growth could be
exponential. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The vision of the brave new
world of all robots coming along with their personal 3–D printers so that they
can not only repair themselves, but get busy and assemble their clones is very
definitely not just the figment of one’s imagination after too many hours in
the bar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">So now that </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; text-indent: 0.5in;">we are able to say
“Have printer, will travel” as a promise to arrive on someone’s doorstep and
spend an afternoon printing the Christmas presents for the kids is fine, but
there is a snag. It’s all in the software. Not necessarily in the difficulty of
any coding – easy for a technophilic geek – but in the scanned in details of
the objects for the delight on Christmas morning around the tree.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Those files are where the
income streams will come from. Sites could be set up where we could pay a fee
and use them for a specified number of runs, or time, or for a higher fee
purchase them. The BBC report (3) indicates that files are already showing up
on Pirate Bay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><a href="http://www.webpronews.com/the-3d-printed-car-may-not-be-too-far-off-2012-08"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">http://www.webpronews.com/the-3d-printed-car-may-not-be-too-far-off-2012-08</span></a></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.stratasys.com/Products/Overview.aspx">http://www.stratasys.com/Products/Overview.aspx</a> </span></li>
<li><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19818815"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19818815</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">http://reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://deezmaker.com/bukobot/"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">http://deezmaker.com/bukobot/</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://store.makerbot.com/replicator2.html"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">http://store.makerbot.com/replicator2.html</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.webpronews.com/another-cheap-3d-printer-looks-to-kickstarter-for-funding-2012-10"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">http://www.webpronews.com/another-cheap-3d-printer-looks-to-kickstarter-for-funding-2012-10</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.webpronews.com/diy-gun-project-put-on-hold-as-creators-have-their-3d-printer-seized-2012-10"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">http://www.webpronews.com/diy-gun-project-put-on-hold-as-creators-have-their-3d-printer-seized-2012-10</span></a></li>
</ol>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
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Jim Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12340008828772861773noreply@blogger.com0